EASE (Epithelial All-femtosecond Surface Excision) is a surface laser vision correction method in which the entire procedure is performed by the SCHWIND ATOS femtosecond laser – no corneal flap, no excimer laser and no UV light. The laser cuts a thin lens-shaped piece of tissue (a lentoid) through the intact epithelium; the surgeon peels it off in one piece and the epithelium regrows within days. At SwissLaser in Warsaw and Kraków the procedure is performed personally by Dr Victor Derhartunian, MD (Vienna), FEBO, FWCRS. Price: PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes; PLN 6,000 for patients enrolled in our prospective clinical study.
EASE is a world first: the first cases were performed in February 2025 and the manufacturer launched the method at the ESCRS congress in London in September 2026. SwissLaser (Warsaw, Kraków) and its sister clinics EyeLaser in Vienna and Zurich are among the first centres worldwide to perform EASE. The method is CE-marked. This page states plainly what is known, what is not yet known and who the method makes sense for.
Check whether you qualify for the study
EASE – key facts at a glance
- Name: EASE, Epithelial All-femtosecond Surface Excision; generic name: trans-epithelial lenticule removal (TLR).
- Laser: the SCHWIND ATOS femtosecond laser only (near-infrared). No excimer laser, no UV light, no tissue vaporisation.
- Principle: the laser cuts a lentoid (a lens-shaped piece of tissue) beneath the intact epithelium; the surgeon lifts epithelium and lentoid off in one piece. No flap and no pocket are created in the cornea.
- Energy: about 50 percent of a lenticule extraction (SmartSight) according to the manufacturer; by theoretical calculation many times less than Trans-PRK.
- Who it is for: myopia, with or without astigmatism, in thin corneas, dry eyes or when intracorneal methods are not an option.
- Recovery: as after a surface procedure – the first days with a bandage contact lens, vision improving over days and weeks.
- Registry results (83 eyes, 3 months): 77 percent of eyes see 20/20 without glasses, 96 percent at least 20/25, no eye lost a line of best-corrected vision.
- Status: CE-marked method; world launch at ESCRS 2026, SwissLaser and EyeLaser among the first centres worldwide to perform EASE.
- Where and how much: SwissLaser Warsaw and Kraków, PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes; PLN 6,000 within the prospective clinical study, participation voluntary.
What EASE is – in 30 seconds
The cornea is the transparent, curved front window of the eye. Its outermost layer, the epithelium, is about 50 micrometres thick and regrows within days after any scratch. Beneath it lies the corneal tissue proper, the stroma.
Classic surface methods (PRK, Trans-PRK) remove the epithelium and reshape the stroma with an excimer laser, which vaporises tissue with ultraviolet light layer by layer. EASE works differently: the femtosecond laser sends infrared pulses through the intact epithelium and creates microscopic bubbles that separate the tissue along a programmed surface. This produces a lentoid – a thin, lens-shaped piece of tissue whose shape matches your refractive error.
The surgeon lifts the lentoid together with the epithelium above it in one piece – no blade, no vaporisation. The corneal surface now has its new shape, and the epithelium regrows over it within days. There is no flap that could shift and no pocket in the cornea, because the whole procedure takes place on the surface.
How the EASE procedure works – step by step
Before the procedure
- Eligibility examination (PLN 400, about 90 minutes): corneal tomography, epithelial thickness map, pachymetry, refraction, eye pressure, retinal OCT, tear film and a dilated fundus examination.
- Stop wearing contact lenses before the examination: soft lenses for 7 days, rigid lenses for 3 weeks.
- We discuss the alternatives (Trans-PRK, SmartSight Nova, FemtoLASIK, ICL) and whether you meet the criteria of the clinical study.
On the day of the procedure
- Anaesthetic drops and constricting drops; there are no injections and no general anaesthesia.
- Docking: the laser’s contact glass is placed on the eye and gently stabilises the cornea. You feel pressure, not pain. The laser tracks the eye, centres the treatment and compensates for eye rotation (cyclotorsion) on the intact epithelium.
- The femtosecond laser makes three cuts: the posterior surface of the lentoid (this is the cut that corrects the refractive error), the anterior surface about 75 micrometres from the glass (epithelium, Bowman’s layer and 10–15 micrometres of stroma) and an oblique 360-degree edge cut that joins both surfaces to the eye’s surface.
- The surgeon lifts the epithelium with the lentoid in one piece. There is no pocket or tunnel dissection; separating stroma with an instrument is done only if needed.
- A soft bandage contact lens is placed on the eye. After the first eye we treat the second eye straight away, in the same session.
What to expect after the procedure – day by day
| When | What happens |
|---|---|
| Day 1 | The eye waters, burns and is sensitive to light – as after any surface procedure. Vision is blurred. In the registry 57 percent of eyes already saw 20/40 or better, but this is a day to rest with dark glasses, not to work. |
| Days 2–4 | The epithelium closes the wound. Discomfort eases day by day; you use drops on a schedule. Sick leave is usually 5–7 days. |
| About one week | Check-up and removal of the bandage lens once the epithelium is closed. In the registry 82 percent of eyes saw 20/40 or better. Office work is usually possible, with breaks for lubricating drops. |
| Month 1 | Vision stabilises; 99 percent of eyes in the registry saw 20/40 or better. Steroid drops are tapered over 4–6 weeks as prescribed. |
| Months 3–12 | Final assessment and further check-ups. The epithelium changes thickness by only 1–2 micrometres. In the clinical study, visits also include an epithelial map and aberrometry. |
What results EASE gives – registry data
The registry at Svjetlost Eye Clinic in Zagreb covers 119 eyes of 62 patients operated on by one surgeon between April 2025 and March 2026. The laser settings were changed three times; the current protocol (about 450 mJ/cm², 75 nJ) has been in use since September 2025. The manuscript is under review, so these are congress data, not yet a publication.
| Visit | Eyes with 20/40 or better | Eyes |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | 56.8 % | 46 of 81 |
| Week 1 | 81.9 % | 68 of 83 |
| Month 1 | 98.7 % | 76 of 77 |
| Month 3 | 98.8 % | 82 of 83 |
At 3 months (83 eyes with astigmatism up to 1 D): 77 percent of eyes saw 20/20 or better without glasses, 96 percent at least 20/25, and 88 percent had a residual error within ±0.50 D. None of the 77 eyes with paired measurements lost a line of best-corrected vision. One eye saw worse than 20/40 and three eyes were enhanced before month 3. In the subgroup of 32 eyes treated with the current protocol there was not a single enhancement.
Astigmatism: the sphere lands on target (slope 0.97), but in the registry the cylinder was overcorrected by about one fifth on average because no nomogram was used yet. For astigmatism above 1 D we therefore qualify for EASE cautiously and more often propose SmartSight Nova or wavefront-guided Trans-PRK.
EASE or Trans-PRK – two surface methods
EASE differs from Trans-PRK in that it does not vaporise tissue but cuts it: the femtosecond laser creates a lentoid that comes out whole, whereas in Trans-PRK the excimer laser removes tissue with UV light pulse by pulse. Both are surface methods, both work without a flap and both suit thin corneas. They differ in physics, in the amount of energy that reaches the tissue and in the length of clinical experience.
| Feature | EASE | Trans-PRK smart surFace |
|---|---|---|
| Laser | SCHWIND ATOS femtosecond (infrared) | SCHWIND AMARIS excimer (ultraviolet) |
| How tissue is removed | lentoid cut and lifted off in one piece | vaporised layer by layer |
| Epithelium | removed together with the lentoid, cut through intact epithelium | vaporised by the laser in the first step |
| UV light | no | yes |
| Energy into the tissue | many times lower (theoretical calculation); pulse count does not grow with the dioptres | grows with every dioptre |
| Contact with the eye | the laser’s docking glass | no-touch |
| Laser time | tens of seconds per eye | tens of seconds per eye |
| Mitomycin C | in the registry only above 5 D; the STELLAR study tests without it | used as indicated for higher corrections |
| Epithelial healing | a few days, bandage lens | about 3 days, bandage lens |
| Haze risk | 2 of 83 eyes, grade 1, with astigmatism up to 1 D | low, well documented in the literature |
| Thin cornea, dry eye | yes | yes |
| Hyperopia | not at present | yes |
| Spherical aberration | lentoid profile as in lenticule extraction; the advantage is a hypothesis | ablation profile, optionally wavefront-guided |
| Long-term data | since 2025; registry of 119 eyes; STELLAR study ongoing | more than 10 years |
| Price | PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes; PLN 6,000 in the clinical study | PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes |
We have performed Trans-PRK for years and it remains our proven surface method, including for hyperopia, which EASE does not currently correct. EASE is a parallel method, not a replacement: we offer it where a lower energy dose and the lentoid profile may matter, and where the patient knowingly chooses a new method with follow-up inside a clinical study. Details: Trans-PRK smart surFace.
Why vision quality may be better – spherical aberration
Spherical aberration is an imperfection in which light rays passing through the edge of the cornea focus at a different point from rays through the centre. In daylight you hardly notice it because the pupil is small. At night, with a wide pupil, it shows as halos around lights and reduced contrast. Every myopia correction flattens the centre of the cornea and increases this aberration a little; the question is by how much.
The lentoid shape in EASE is the same shape the ATOS laser cuts inside the cornea in SmartSight (lenticule extraction). In studies comparing lenticule extraction with FemtoLASIK, the lenticule induced a smaller increase in spherical aberration and better preserved the cornea’s natural asphericity. Comparisons of lenticule extraction with classic PRK are mixed: some studies show a difference, others do not.
For EASE itself such data do not exist yet, because the method is too young. The Zagreb registry describes one eye with −7.3 D in which corneal spherical aberration changed by 0.09 micrometres after 13 months, a value at the limit of measurement. That is a single case, not a statistic. So we write cautiously: studies suggest that a lentoid profile may potentially give better night vision quality than a standard ablation profile, but for EASE this still has to be shown. That is exactly why we measure aberrations in our clinical study.
EASE, Trans-PRK, SmartSight Nova or FemtoLASIK – which method for whom
| Situation | EASE | Trans-PRK | SmartSight Nova | FemtoLASIK |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thin cornea | yes | yes | depends on tissue reserve | usually not |
| dry eye or a tendency to dryness | yes | yes | yes (few nerves cut) | usually not |
| contact sports, uniformed services | yes | yes | yes | no (flap) |
| hyperopia | no | yes | no | yes |
| astigmatism above 1 D | cautiously | yes, wavefront variant | yes | yes |
| fastest return of sharp vision | days–weeks | days–weeks | 1–2 days | 1–2 days |
| longest clinical track record | since 2025 | more than 10 years | since 2020 | more than 15 years |
EASE, SmartSight Nova and FemtoLASIK are performed on the same SCHWIND ATOS femtosecond laser, Trans-PRK on the AMARIS excimer laser. The difference is where in the cornea the procedure happens: EASE and Trans-PRK on the surface, SmartSight Nova inside the cornea through a small incision, FemtoLASIK under a flap. SMILE is the trade name of lenticule extraction on another manufacturer’s laser – the equivalent of SmartSight, not of EASE. Full overview: which laser vision correction method is best.
Who EASE is for
- myopia, with or without astigmatism up to about 1 D (higher astigmatism assessed individually); the registry treated errors from about −2 to −8 D, single eyes higher
- age 18 or over and a refraction stable for at least 12 months
- a healthy, regular cornea on tomography with a stromal reserve of at least 275 micrometres after the procedure
- a thin cornea in which a FemtoLASIK flap or a SmartSight pocket would use up too much tissue
- dry eye syndrome or a tendency to dryness – a surface procedure does not cut the nerves deep in the cornea
- work or sport in which a corneal flap would be a risk: contact sports, uniformed services, manual work
When EASE is not indicated
Hyperopia
EASE currently corrects myopia and astigmatism. For hyperopia we propose Trans-PRK or FemtoLASIK, and PresbyMAX after the age of 45.
High astigmatism
In the registry, eyes with astigmatism above 1 D had more haze (7 of 36) than eyes with low astigmatism (2 of 83), and the cylinder needed a nomogram correction. We do not refuse outright, but we discuss the alternatives: SmartSight Nova and wavefront-guided Trans-PRK.
Keratoconus and irregular corneas
As with every laser method. We then treat the disease: keratoconus, cross-linking, CAIRS rings.
A cornea too thin even for a surface method
If less than 275 micrometres of stroma would remain, we propose an ICL phakic lens, which removes no tissue.
Error outside the range, unstable error, pregnancy, active inflammation
The same list applies as for all laser methods: eligibility and contraindications for laser vision correction.
Expecting sharp vision immediately
EASE is a surface method. Anyone who needs sharp vision the next day will choose SmartSight Nova or FemtoLASIK, if the cornea allows it.
Which examinations decide eligibility
Measurements decide: corneal tomography (shape of the front and back surfaces, exclusion of keratoconus), pachymetry (corneal thickness at every point), an OCT epithelial thickness map, refraction to 0.25 D, pupil size in the dark, tear film and a fundus examination. We discuss the result and the alternatives at the same visit. Details: eligibility for laser vision correction; you can start with the online eligibility test.
Safety and risks – honestly
EASE is neither safer nor less safe than other methods just because it is new. It shares with Trans-PRK all the features of a surface procedure: an open epithelium for a few days, pain at the beginning and a slower return of sharp vision. The hypothesis that a lower energy dose means less inflammation and less haze is biologically plausible but not yet proven – the registry had no comparison group.
| Possible effect | How often | What we do |
|---|---|---|
| Pain, burning, light sensitivity in the first days | most patients, as after any surface procedure | bandage lens, drops, painkillers, check-up after one week |
| Slower return of sharp vision than after SmartSight or FemtoLASIK | always – a feature of surface methods | explained before the procedure; sick leave 5–7 days |
| Corneal haze | registry: 2 of 83 eyes grade 1 with low astigmatism; 7 of 36 with higher astigmatism, including one patient with grade 3 treated with PTK laser | cautious eligibility with higher astigmatism, steroid drops for 4–6 weeks, UV protection, check-ups |
| Dry eye after the procedure | temporarily common, usually milder than after flap methods | lubricating drops, dry-eye treatment before the procedure |
| Residual error, under- or overcorrection | registry: 88 percent of eyes within ±0.50 D; 3 of 83 eyes enhanced | laser enhancement after stabilisation, covered by the guarantee of up to 5 years |
| Overcorrection of astigmatism | registry: cylinder about one fifth too strong on average, without a nomogram | EASE mainly for astigmatism up to 1 D |
| Infection, delayed epithelial healing | rare; a risk of every surface method | antibiotic drops, check-ups, hygiene rules after the procedure |
| Unknown long-term effects | no data beyond 15 months | this is why we run a prospective clinical study with follow-up to 12 months |
What “new method” means. The longest follow-up in the registry is 15 months. We do not know how a cornea behaves 5 or 10 years after EASE, although experience with PRK and lenticule extraction gives no reason for concern. Whoever chooses EASE chooses a method with a shorter track record and should know that. That is exactly why we offer it within a clinical study with additional check-ups, not as routine.
How much EASE costs
EASE costs PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes – the same as Trans-PRK smart surFace. Treatment of one eye is quoted at the eligibility examination. Patients enrolled in the prospective clinical study pay PLN 6,000 per pair of eyes; the lower price reflects that the data from the procedure and the check-ups feed the study and that the patient commits to additional visits.
| Option | Price per pair of eyes | What it includes |
|---|---|---|
| EASE – standard price | PLN 10,000 | treatment of both eyes, anaesthetic drops, bandage lenses, check-ups in the package, guarantee of up to 5 years |
| EASE – within the clinical study | PLN 6,000 | as above plus extended check-ups to 12 months with epithelial map and aberrometry |
| Eligibility examination | PLN 400 | about 90 minutes, corneal tomography, epithelial map, full diagnostics |
The price covers treatment of both eyes in one visit, anaesthetic drops, bandage lenses, the surgeon’s and team’s work and the package of post-operative check-ups, as for Trans-PRK. The eligibility examination costs PLN 400. Prices are the same in Warsaw and Kraków.
Instalments: for example PLN 226.66 per month for PLN 10,000 over 60 instalments with no deposit — Santander Consumer Bank calculator, 25 September 2026. The APR, total cost and terms are shown by the calculator under “Oblicz ratę” in the price list; we complete the application together at the clinic.
The EASE clinical study – how to take part
EASE has a registry of 119 eyes behind it and awaits the results of the multicentre STELLAR study run by the manufacturer in Zagreb, Seoul and Kathmandu. SwissLaser runs its own prospective clinical study: every patient treated with EASE in Warsaw or Kraków is examined according to one protocol fixed in advance, and the results – acuity, residual error, epithelial thickness, aberrations, haze, comfort – are collected for 12 months.
What participation means. The procedure is the same as outside the study; the difference is more measurements and more visits: day 1, week 1, month 1, 3, 6 and 12. At each visit we repeat the examinations done before the procedure, including the OCT epithelial map and aberrometry. Your data are pseudonymised – the study database holds a number, not a name. Before enrolment you sign an informed consent form that describes all of this, and you may leave the study at any time, without giving a reason and without any effect on your further care.
Who qualifies. People who meet the EASE criteria described above: myopia with astigmatism up to about 1 D, a refraction stable for a year, age 18 or over, a healthy cornea. A condition is being able to attend all check-ups at the clinic where the procedure was performed – in Warsaw or in Kraków. Participation is voluntary; a patient who does not wish to take part can have EASE at the standard price.
What you gain. The price of PLN 6,000 per pair of eyes, extended diagnostics for a year and the certainty that your eyes are followed more closely than in routine care. What you give: time for six visits and consent to the use of anonymised results in scientific publications.
How to start. Book an eligibility examination in Warsaw or Kraków and say that you are interested in EASE within the clinical study. At the visit we check the criteria, explain the protocol and answer questions; you can make your decision at home.
Dr Derhartunian on EASE
I have operated with the SCHWIND ATOS laser since 2020, and in that time I have come to value one thing: a lenticule that comes out whole, rather than tissue that has to be vaporised. EASE brings that principle to the corneal surface, where for forty years we have treated patients with thin corneas. I do not promise that it is a better method than Trans-PRK – nobody has shown that yet. I promise that here it will be performed under one protocol, with additional measurements, and that we will tell patients what those measurements show.
Dr Victor Derhartunian, MD (Vienna), FEBO, FWCRS – refractive surgeon, SwissLaser Kraków and Warsaw
Frequently asked questions about EASE
Does EASE hurt?
Not during the procedure – the eye is numbed with drops and you feel pressure during docking. Pain, burning and light sensitivity appear after the procedure and last 2–4 days until the epithelium closes; a bandage lens, drops and painkillers ease them. This is a feature of every surface method, including Trans-PRK.
How long is recovery after EASE?
The epithelium heals over a few days and vision improves over weeks. In the registry, 82 percent of eyes saw 20/40 or better after one week and 99 percent after one month. Sick leave is usually 5–7 days; most patients return to office work after a week.
How does EASE differ from Trans-PRK?
In the laser and in how tissue is removed. In Trans-PRK an excimer laser vaporises epithelium and stroma with UV light; in EASE a femtosecond laser cuts a lentoid through the intact epithelium, which the surgeon lifts off in one piece. Both are surface, flap-free methods; EASE delivers far less energy to the tissue, Trans-PRK has many years of data.
Is EASE safe?
The available data are good but short. In the registry of 83 eyes none lost a line of best-corrected vision at 3 months, and grade 1 haze occurred in 2 eyes. The longest follow-up is 15 months, so long-term effects are not yet known. That is why we offer EASE within a prospective clinical study with check-ups to 12 months.
How much does EASE cost in Warsaw and Kraków?
PLN 10,000 per pair of eyes at the standard price and PLN 6,000 per pair of eyes for patients enrolled in SwissLaser’s prospective clinical study – the same in Warsaw and Kraków. The eligibility examination costs PLN 400. Instalments are available; an example calculation is given in the price section.
Can I have EASE with a thin cornea?
Often yes – a thin cornea is one of the main indications. EASE creates no flap and no pocket, and the lentoid removes only the tissue needed to correct the error. The conditions are a stromal reserve of at least 275 micrometres after the procedure and a regular corneal shape on tomography. If there is too little tissue even for EASE, we propose an ICL phakic lens.
What is a lentoid?
A lentoid is a thin, lens-shaped piece of corneal tissue that the femtosecond laser cuts beneath the intact epithelium; its shape matches the error being corrected. In EASE the surgeon lifts the lentoid off together with the epithelium in one piece. The ATOS laser cuts the same shape inside the cornea in SmartSight, where it is called a lenticule.
Does EASE correct astigmatism?
Yes, the ATOS laser compensates for eye rotation and cuts the lentoid with a cylinder correction. In the registry, however, the cylinder was overcorrected by about one fifth on average because no nomogram was used yet, and eyes with astigmatism above 1 D had more haze. We therefore propose EASE mainly for astigmatism up to about 1 D; for higher values more often SmartSight Nova or wavefront-guided Trans-PRK.
Does EASE correct hyperopia?
Not at present – the indications cover myopia and myopic astigmatism. For hyperopia we propose Trans-PRK or FemtoLASIK, and PresbyMAX after the age of 45.
How does EASE differ from SmartSight and SMILE?
In where the procedure takes place. SmartSight (and its equivalent SMILE on another manufacturer’s laser) cuts the lenticule inside the cornea and removes it through a small incision, so the epithelium stays intact and sharp vision returns in 1–2 days. EASE cuts the lentoid just beneath the epithelium and removes it together with it, so it heals like a surface method but creates no pocket in the cornea and uses about half the energy.
How much sick leave will I get after EASE?
Usually 5–7 days, as after Trans-PRK. For work in dust, outdoors or in uniformed services we decide individually at the one-week check-up.
When does sharp vision return after EASE?
Gradually over days and weeks. In the registry 57 percent of eyes saw 20/40 or better on the first day, 82 percent after a week and 99 percent after a month; at 3 months 77 percent of eyes saw 20/20 without glasses. Full stabilisation takes up to 3 months.
Can corneal haze occur after EASE?
It can, as after any surface method, but it was rare in the registry: 2 of 83 eyes with low astigmatism had grade 1 haze that needed no treatment. With astigmatism above 1 D haze was more frequent (7 of 36 eyes). We prevent it with steroid drops for 4–6 weeks and sun protection.
Is EASE an approved method?
Yes. EASE is CE-marked and is performed on the SCHWIND ATOS laser, a CE-marked medical device. The manufacturer additionally runs a post-market clinical follow-up study under the European Medical Device Regulation (MDR 2017/745). At SwissLaser EASE has been available since September 2026, also within a prospective clinical study at a lower price.
What does taking part in the EASE clinical study mean?
The same procedure, more check-ups and a lower price. The patient attends six visits over a year at their clinic in Warsaw or Kraków at which we repeat the pre-operative measurements, including the epithelial map and aberrations. Data are pseudonymised, participation is voluntary and you may withdraw at any time without any effect on further treatment. The study price is PLN 6,000 per pair of eyes.
Can the refractive error come back after EASE?
We treat only errors that have been stable for at least 12 months, so the effect is permanent; with age, natural presbyopia develops, which is not a return of the error. A residual error after EASE does occur – in the registry 3 of 83 eyes were enhanced – and is covered by the guarantee of up to 5 years.
Where we perform EASE
EASE is performed at both SwissLaser clinics: in Warsaw (ul. Kolejowa 1, 01-217 Warszawa) and in Kraków (ul. Kluczborska 15/U3, 31-271 Kraków). Both have the SCHWIND ATOS laser, both take part in the clinical study and the same surgeon operates at both. Directions and parking: laser vision correction in Warsaw · laser vision correction in Kraków.
Sources
- SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions: EASE – Epithelial All-femtosecond Surface Excision (product page, accessed 29 September 2026).
- SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions: Review: SCHWIND at ESCRS 2026 (London, September 2026).
- Gabrić I. Back to the surface, without the burn. Epithelial All-Femto Surface Excision (EASE). SCHWIND Symposium, ESCRS, London, 14 September 2026. Registry data, Svjetlost Eye Clinic, Zagreb (119 eyes, April 2025–March 2026); manuscript JRS-2026-288 under review.
- Gyldenkerne A, Ivarsen A, Hjortdal JØ. Comparison of corneal shape changes and aberrations induced by FS-LASIK and SMILE for myopia. J Refract Surg 2015;31(4):223–229. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20150303-01
- Matched comparison of corneal higher order aberrations induced by SMILE to femtosecond assisted LASIK and to PRK in correcting moderate and high myopia: 3.00 mm vs 6.00 mm. BMC Ophthalmol 2021. doi:10.1186/s12886-021-01987-3
- Comparative analysis of myopia correction outcomes and aberration changes between PRK and SMILE: a study based on strict refractive criteria. BMC Ophthalmol 2025. doi:10.1186/s12886-025-03943-x
- Nassiri N et al. Corneal endothelial cell injury induced by mitomycin-C in photorefractive keratectomy: nonrandomized controlled trial. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008;34(6):902–908. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.03.007
- Wilson SE. Corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2020;197:108089. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108089
- Comparison between transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy versus alcohol-assisted photorefractive keratectomy in correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. PMC6260527 (epithelial healing 3.2 days after Trans-PRK).
- Adib-Moghaddam S et al. Single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in high myopia: qualitative and quantitative visual functions. PMC5360782
- Gabrić I, Arba-Mosquera S, Bodakoš Z, Bohač M. Effect of total laser fluence on early and mid-term visual and optical quality outcomes after lenticule extraction with the SCHWIND ATOS. J Refract Surg 2026 (March).
Related topics
Content medically reviewed by Dr Victor Derhartunian, MD (Vienna), FEBO, FWCRS – specialist in refractive and cataract surgery, chief surgeon of SwissLaser (Warsaw, Kraków) and EyeLaser (Vienna, Zurich). Last reviewed: September 2026.
